{"id":1600,"date":"2023-09-29T07:51:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-29T07:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/?p=1600"},"modified":"2026-09-03T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:00:00","slug":"communication-models","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-models\/","title":{"rendered":"8 Communication Models: Diagrams &amp; Workplace Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Over the past century, people have become more interested in uncovering patterns in the ways we communicate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Even before there were communication theorists and communication models, philosophers and public speakers were trying to find what makes our communication processes so unique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">These perspectives eventually came to be known as communication models, which can be used to visualize the process of exchanging messages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">And now, we get to talk about how these different models of communication show up in everyday workplace communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">So let\u2019s dive in!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group key-takeaways\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Communication models visually represent different aspects of specific communication situations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Understanding communication models helps us communicate more deliberately and better prepare for future communication situations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Linear models view communication as a one-way process and are primarily used in marketing, sales, and PR.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Interactive or interactional models are two-way frameworks that mostly apply to internet-based and mediated communication.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Transactional models are the most complex models of communication, showing communication as a transaction in which communicators create shared meaning in a dynamic process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"what-are-communication-models\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">What are communication models?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Models of communication help us form a visual representation of different aspects of the <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-situations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">communication situations<\/a> we encounter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Or, as Denis McQuail\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/1007599.McQuail_s_Mass_Communication_Theory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mass Communication Theory<\/a>\u201d put it:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background translation-block wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#e5f6fe\"><em>\u201c<\/em><em>A<\/em> <em>model is a selective representation in verbal or diagrammatic form of some aspect of the dynamic process of mass communication.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Of course, not all of the frameworks we\u2019ll be discussing can be used to represent mass communication situations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Some models are more detailed than others, but even the most elaborate ones cannot perfectly represent what goes on in a communication encounter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Since communication is a complex process, it\u2019s often challenging to determine where a conversation begins and ends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">That is where models of communication come in \u2014 to <strong>simplify the process of understanding communication<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In a professional capacity, learning more about communication models can help us:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Think about our communication situations more deliberately.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Learn from our previous experiences.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Better prepare for future communication situations.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">And, since effective <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/organizational-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">organizational communication<\/a> is crucial to the success of any business, we might as well start this article with a brief overview of the communication process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Chat with your team on Pumble<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"the-communication-process-in-5-steps\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">The communication process in 5 steps<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">communication process<\/a> is the very thing communication models were designed to describe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">With that in mind, let\u2019s take a moment to walk through the most basic elements of this process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Communication usually consists of 5 steps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Idea<\/strong> formation (coming up with what you want to communicate)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Message <strong>encoding<\/strong> (considering the actual wording of the message)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Choosing the right <strong>channel<\/strong> for the transmission of the message<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Message decoding or <strong>interpretation<\/strong> (the recipient gets the message and understands its meaning)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Sharing <strong>feedback<\/strong> (helping the sender determine whether the message was properly received)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Though these are the very basic steps of the communication process, different communication models have highlighted different aspects of the process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">To get a clearer picture of what lies ahead, let\u2019s briefly go over the 8 communication models we\u2019ll be discussing in this article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"8-major-communication-models-at-a-glance\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">8 major communication models at a glance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">There are 3 basic types of communication models:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Linear models of communication<\/strong>, which look at one-way communication<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Interactive models of communication<\/strong>, which analyze <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/two-way-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">two-way communication<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Transactional models of communication<\/strong>, which illustrate two-way communication where the message gets more complex as the communication event progresses<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">See the table below for a quick breakdown of all 8 models, their categories and distinguishing features.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>CATEGORY<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>MODEL<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>YEAR<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>KEY CONTRIBUTION<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">Linear<\/td><td>Aristotle\u2019s model<\/td><td>300 BC<\/td><td>Ethos, pathos, and logos<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lasswell\u2019s model<\/td><td>1948<\/td><td>The effect of mass media on audience opinions and behaviors<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Shannon-Weaver model<\/td><td>1948<\/td><td>The role of channels and noise in communication<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R model<\/td><td>1960<\/td><td>The source and the receiver of the message must have similar communication skills and knowledge of the cultural context<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"2\">Interactive or interactional<\/td><td>The Osgood-Schramm model<\/td><td>1954<\/td><td>Communication is circular, equal, and reciprocal<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Westley and Maclean model<\/td><td>1957<\/td><td>Environmental factors start the communication process<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"2\">Transactional<\/td><td>Barnlund\u2019s model<\/td><td>1970<\/td><td>Public, private, and behavioral cues<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dance\u2019s Helical model<\/td><td>1967<\/td><td>Communication becomes more complex as it progresses<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Now that we\u2019ve seen a basic overview of the communication models we\u2019ll be discussing, let\u2019s take a closer look at the first category.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"linear-models-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Linear models of communication&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">A linear model of communication is one that represents communication as a one-way line, wherein a <strong>sender<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Encodes a message<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Chooses a <strong>receiver<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Sends the message through a <strong>channel<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Some linear models of communication also mention <strong>noise<\/strong> as an additional element that plays a part in the communication process by distracting from the original message.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The communication model diagram below illustrates the different elements of the linear model of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Linear-communication-model-diagram.webp\" alt=\"Linear communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-16309\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7478991596638656;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Linear-communication-model-diagram.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Linear-communication-model-diagram-300x172.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Linear-communication-model-diagram-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Linear-communication-model-diagram-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Linear-communication-model-diagram-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Linear communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The linear communication model is straightforward and used mainly in marketing, sales, and PR, in communication with customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">A marketing campaign devised by a company would be an apt linear communication model example because it\u2019s meant to be a one-way communication process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Yet, linear communication can also be used for internal workplace communication, as a part of a company\u2019s internal announcement protocols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">For example, when an HR team announces an internal job posting or an upcoming team building event, they are using a linear communication model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Having said that, let\u2019s take a closer look at the most prominent linear models of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"1-aristotles-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#1: Aristotle\u2019s model of communication&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Dating back to 300 BC, Aristotle\u2019s model of communication is a linear model that offers a framework for <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/persuasive-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">persuasive public speaking<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">This model illustrates how the <strong>sender<\/strong> (public speaker, professor, etc.) passes on their message to the passive audience or <strong>receiver<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">This makes Aristotle\u2019s communication model a foolproof way to excel in public speaking, seminars, and lectures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The main elements of Aristotle\u2019s communication model include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Ethos<\/strong> or the credibility of the speaker, which is established through their expertise<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Pathos<\/strong> or the emotional connection the speaker creates with the audience by inciting various emotions (anger, sadness, happiness, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Logos<\/strong> or logic, which is a required element of this kind of public speaking process<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">As the communication model diagram below shows, Aristotle\u2019s model also highlights the 5 components of different communication situations, which include the:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Speaker<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Speech<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Occasion<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Target audience<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Effect<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Aristotles-communication-model-diagram.webp\" alt=\"Aristotle\u2019s communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-16310\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7478991596638656;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Aristotles-communication-model-diagram.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Aristotles-communication-model-diagram-300x172.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Aristotles-communication-model-diagram-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Aristotles-communication-model-diagram-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Aristotles-communication-model-diagram-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Aristotle\u2019s communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 id=\"aristotles-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Aristotle\u2019s communication model example&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The Aristotle model of communication can be used to represent many different kinds of <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/business-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">business communication<\/a>, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Executive update messages<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/all-hands-meeting\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">All-hands announcements<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Client pitch meetings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">However, since persuasion is one of the main goals of this model of communication, perhaps it would be best illustrated by the last communication situation on that list.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">For example, if a company is trying to get a new client on board, the company\u2019s sales representative would have the role of the <strong>speaker<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The client representative present would be the <strong>target audience or recipient<\/strong> of the message.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>occasion<\/strong> for the communication would be the pitch meeting itself, which provides a unique opportunity for the exchange of this type of persuasive communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The desired <strong>effect of the speech<\/strong> would be to sign a contract or make a sale with the client in question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Remember, though feedback can be shared in this case, it doesn\u2019t really factor into Aristotle\u2019s communication model because it is a one-way linear communication framework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Post announcements on Pumble<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"2-lasswells-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#2: Lasswell\u2019s model of communication&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Lasswell\u2019s model of communication is a linear framework created in 1948 as a way of illustrating the process of mass communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In the words of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/13182400\/Reading_Lasswells_Model_of_Communication_Backward_Three_Scholarly_Misconceptions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">US communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell<\/a>, the theorists\u2019 task is to answer the question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background translation-block wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#e5f6fe\">\u201c<strong>Who<\/strong> says <strong>what<\/strong> to <strong>whom<\/strong> with <strong>what effect<\/strong>?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">So, this model aims to answer the 5 following questions:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Who created the message?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">What did they say?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">What channel did they use (TV, radio, blog)?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">To whom did they say it?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">What effect did it have on the receiver?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The answers to these questions provide the main components of this model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Communicator<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Message<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Medium<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Audience\/Receiver<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Effect<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Lasswells-communication-model-diagram.webp\" alt=\"Lasswell\u2019s communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-16311\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7478991596638656;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Lasswells-communication-model-diagram.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Lasswells-communication-model-diagram-300x172.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Lasswells-communication-model-diagram-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Lasswells-communication-model-diagram-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Lasswells-communication-model-diagram-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lasswell\u2019s communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 id=\"lasswells-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Lasswell\u2019s communication model example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Lasswell\u2019s framework is one of the models of mass communication that can be used in internal and external business communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">As an example of this model, let\u2019s see how the Lasswell model of communication might be used for an <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/planning-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">internal policy<\/a> rollout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">To communicate policy changes, an HR worker would have the role of the <strong>speaker<\/strong> and their <strong>message<\/strong> would have to communicate recent policy changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The reach all company employees, they would need to choose an appropriate <strong>medium<\/strong> like:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">A company-wide email<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">An all-hands meeting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">An announcement on the #general channel of a <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/team-communication-app\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">team communication app<\/a> like Pumble by CAKE.com<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"666\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/A-policy-rollout-using-the-Lasswell-communication-model-on-Pumble-the-business-messaging-app.webp\" alt=\"A policy rollout using the Lasswell communication model on Pumble, the business messaging app\" class=\"wp-image-16312\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.798270893371758;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/A-policy-rollout-using-the-Lasswell-communication-model-on-Pumble-the-business-messaging-app.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/A-policy-rollout-using-the-Lasswell-communication-model-on-Pumble-the-business-messaging-app-300x167.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/A-policy-rollout-using-the-Lasswell-communication-model-on-Pumble-the-business-messaging-app-1024x568.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/A-policy-rollout-using-the-Lasswell-communication-model-on-Pumble-the-business-messaging-app-768x426.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/A-policy-rollout-using-the-Lasswell-communication-model-on-Pumble-the-business-messaging-app-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A policy rollout using the Lasswell communication model on Pumble, the business messaging app<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In any case, the intended <strong>audience<\/strong> is the entire company, or all employees of the company, and the desired <strong>effect<\/strong> is to inform everyone of the upcoming changes in the company policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Use Pumble for internal communication<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"3-the-shannon-weaver-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#3: The Shannon-Weaver model of communication&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The Shannon-Weaver communication model is a communication framework proposed in 1948 by mathematicians Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver as they were studying the way electronic signals travel from sender to receiver.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Both the Lasswell and Shannon-Weaver frameworks are models of mass communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">However, unlike the Lasswell model, which primarily focuses on achieving the desired effect of communication, the Shannon-Weaver model focuses mainly on finding the most <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-channels\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">effective communication channels<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">This model breaks down linear communication into 5 key components, namely:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Sender<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Encoder<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Channel<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Decoder<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Receiver<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Shannon-Weaver-communication-model-diagram.webp\" alt=\"The Shannon-Weaver communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-16313\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7478991596638656;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Shannon-Weaver-communication-model-diagram.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Shannon-Weaver-communication-model-diagram-300x172.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Shannon-Weaver-communication-model-diagram-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Shannon-Weaver-communication-model-diagram-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Shannon-Weaver-communication-model-diagram-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Shannon-Weaver communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Shannon and Weaver were also the first to introduce the role of <strong>noise<\/strong> in the communication process, which John Fiske\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/984279.Introduction_to_Communication_Studies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Introduction to Communication Studies<\/a>\u201d defines as:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background translation-block wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#e5f6fe\"><em>\u201cAnything that is added to the signal between its transmission and reception that is not intended by the source.\u201d&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">So, the noise is anything that makes the transmission less effective, resulting in misunderstandings or <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/miscommunication-in-the-workplace\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">miscommunication<\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"the-shannon-weaver-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">The Shannon-Weaver communication model example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Paula, a VP of marketing in a multinational company, is briefing Julian on new marketing strategies they are about to introduce next month.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">She wants a detailed study of the competitor\u2019s activity by the end of the week.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Unfortunately, while she was speaking, her assistant Peter interrupted her, and she forgot to tell Julian about the most important issue.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">At the end of the week, Julian did finish the report, but there were some mistakes, which had to be corrected later on.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In this example, Paula is the <strong>sender<\/strong> and her message is <strong>encode<\/strong><strong>d<\/strong> as she is speaking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Speech is the <strong>channel<\/strong> <strong><\/strong>or medium that carries her message. Julian acts as the <strong>receiver<\/strong> of the message, and his ears and brains are there to <strong>decode<\/strong> it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">As for Peter? Well, he\u2019s the <strong>noise<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The issue in this process was the lack of feedback. Had Julian asked Paula for clarification after Peter interrupted her, the whole communication process would have been more effective, and there would have been no mistakes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Enjoy noise-free comms in Pumble<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"updated-version-of-the-shannon-weaver-communication-model\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Updated version of the Shannon-Weaver communication model&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Ultimately, the Shannon-Weaver communication model is a representation of linear communication primarily designed to deal with radio transmission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">As such, it failed to take into account the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/communication\/Models-of-communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">concept of feedback<\/a>, which is the <strong>transfer of the receiver\u2019s reaction back to the sender<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">This transfer allows the speaker to modify their performance according to the reaction of the audience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Inspired by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/125323581-cybernetics-or-control-and-communication-in-the-animal-and-the-machine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">studies of Norbert Wiener<\/a>, the so-called father of cybernetics, the updated version of this model expands the framework to reflect this reality of human communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In other words, it makes the receiver of the message a more active participant of the communication process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group pro-tip\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udf93 <strong>PUMBLE PRO TIP<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Feedback is also an integral part of effective workplace communication. To learn more about how you can use feedback in the workplace, check out these resources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/remote-constructive-feedback\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How to Give Constructive Feedback in the Workplace: Best Examples and Tips<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/feedback-vs-feedforward\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Feedback vs. Feedforward: Moving From Feedback to Feedforward<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"4-berlos-s-m-c-r-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#4: Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R model of communication&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Berlo\u2019s model of communication is a linear model of communication proposed by David Berlo in his 1960 book \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/12155061-process-of-communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Process of Communication<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The model suggests that the process of communication has 4 basic components, which include the:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Source<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Message<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Channel<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Receiver<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Berlos-S-M-C-R-communication-model-diagram.webp\" alt=\"Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-16314\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7478991596638656;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Berlos-S-M-C-R-communication-model-diagram.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Berlos-S-M-C-R-communication-model-diagram-300x172.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Berlos-S-M-C-R-communication-model-diagram-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Berlos-S-M-C-R-communication-model-diagram-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Berlos-S-M-C-R-communication-model-diagram-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Going forward, we\u2019ll take a closer look at each of Berlo\u2019s proposed steps, starting with the source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"1-the-source\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#1: The source<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">During the communication process, the <strong>source<\/strong> or the sender is the main communicator looking to put their thoughts into words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">To <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/effective-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">achieve effective communication<\/a>, they need to have:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-skills\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Communication skills<\/strong><\/a> to ensure the <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/skills-of-effective-communicators\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">communication will be effective<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">The right <strong>attitud<\/strong><strong>e<\/strong> to make a lasting impression on the receiver(s)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Knowledge<\/strong> of what they want to communicate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Familiarity with the <strong>social syste<\/strong><strong>m<\/strong> in which the communication process is taking place&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Familiarity with the <strong>cultural backgrounds<\/strong> of their interlocutors, which is especially important for <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/cross-cultural-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cross-cultural communication<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"2-the-message\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#2: The message<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The speaker creates the <strong>message<\/strong> when they transform their thoughts into words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">This part of Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model is made up of the following components:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Content<\/strong>, which is the main point the speaker is trying to convey<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Elements<\/strong>, which is anything outside of the message that clarifies its meaning, like the speaker\u2019s gestures, <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/body-language-virtual-meetings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">body language<\/a>, facial expressions, etc.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Treatment<\/strong>, or the manner in which the message is conveyed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Structure<\/strong>, or the way the message is arranged<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Code<\/strong>, which is everything that shapes the message, from culture to language and even nonverbal gestures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fine-tune your messages on Pumble<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"3-the-channel\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#3: The channel&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Once the source is ready to transmit their message, they need to choose the appropriate <strong>channel<\/strong> for it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model identifies all our senses as the channels that help us communicate with one another. That means the channel can be our:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Hearing<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Sight<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Smell<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Taste<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Touch<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">All of these senses can play a role in communication, especially during in-person exchanges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"4-the-receiver\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#4: The receiver<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Last but not least, we have the person the message is aimed at, otherwise known as the <strong>receiver<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">To understand the message, the <strong>receiver<\/strong> should have similar communication skills and attitudes as the speaker, as well as a familiarity with the broader context, culture, and social systems in which they communicate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"berlos-s-m-c-r-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model example&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Watching the news on television is the perfect example of Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R Model of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In this case, the news presenter is the source of the news and they convey the message to the audience.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The news is the message, and the audience are the receivers of the message, communicated through audio and visual channels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Now, having become acquainted with linear models of communication, let\u2019s move on to something a little more complex and dynamic \u2014 interactive models of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">\n<div class=\"banner banner-dark pumble-gradient-features\">\n    <div class=\"banner-text lg:pr-[6rem]\">\n        <h2 class=\"translation-block text-2xl !mb-4\">Empower team communication<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"translation-block !text-sm\">Empower your team to communicate more effectively with Pumble \u2014 the all-in-one communication app.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-buttons d-flex space-x-4 translation-block\">\n            <a class=\"rounded-md px-6 py-2 bg-white\" href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up<\/a>\n\n                            <a class=\"button-2\" href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\" target=\"_blank\">Learn more<\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"banner-image banner-image-middle \">\n        <picture>\n            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/features@2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Illustration\"  media=\"(min-width: 1022px)\" \/>\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/features.png\"  alt=\"Illustration\" \/>\n        <\/picture>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"interactive-models-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Interactive models of communication&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Interactive or interactional communication models are more dynamic frameworks aimed at helping us understand two-way communication processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">These models are often used for illustrating mediated and internet-based communication such as telephone conversations, letters, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The main elements of interactional models of communication are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Sender<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Message<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Receiver<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Feedback<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Field of experience<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Interactive-communication-model-diagram.webp\" alt=\"Interactive communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-16315\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7478991596638656;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Interactive-communication-model-diagram.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Interactive-communication-model-diagram-300x172.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Interactive-communication-model-diagram-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Interactive-communication-model-diagram-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Interactive-communication-model-diagram-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Interactive communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">As you can see, interactive models also add an additional element into the communication process \u2014 the <strong>field of experience<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">This component represents a person\u2019s culture, past experiences, and personal history, factors that influence how the sender constructs a message, as well as how the receiver interprets it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Having said that, let\u2019s go over the most noteworthy interactive models of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"5-the-osgood-schramm-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#5: The Osgood-Schramm model of communication<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The Osgood-Schramm model is a circular model of communication, in which messages go in 2 directions between encoding and decoding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">As such, this model is useful for describing synchronous, <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/interpersonal-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">interpersonal communication<\/a>, but less suitable for cases with little or no feedback.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In their book \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/732671.Communication_Models_for_the_Study_of_Mass_Communications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications<\/a>\u201d, Denis Mcquail and Sven Windahl say that the emergence of this model <em>\u201cmeant a clear break with the traditional linear\/one-way picture of communication.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">To that end, the model rests on the following <strong>principles<\/strong>:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Communication is circular<\/strong>. The parties involved in the process are both encoders and decoders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Communication is equal and reciprocal<\/strong>. All parties are equally engaged in the process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The message requires interpretation<\/strong>. Information needs to be properly interpreted to be understood.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Communication requires 3 distinct steps<\/strong>:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Encoding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Decoding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Interpretation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Osgood-Schramm-communication-model-diagram.webp\" alt=\"The Osgood-Schramm communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-16316\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7478991596638656;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Osgood-Schramm-communication-model-diagram.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Osgood-Schramm-communication-model-diagram-300x172.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Osgood-Schramm-communication-model-diagram-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Osgood-Schramm-communication-model-diagram-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Osgood-Schramm-communication-model-diagram-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Osgood-Schramm communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 id=\"the-osgood-schramm-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">The Osgood-Schramm communication model example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The Osgood-Schramm communication model can be used to describe any active conversation you might find yourself in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/107769905503200201\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Information Theory and Mass Communication<\/a>\u201d, Schramm notes:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background translation-block wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#e5f6fe\"><em>\u201cIt is misleading to think of the communication process as starting somewhere and ending somewhere. It is really endless. We are really switchboard centers handling and re-routing the great endless current of information.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In the workplace, it can be used to show any circular exchange of information, from watercooler conversations to brainstorming sessions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In any case, everyone involved would be speaking, listening, and interpreting each others\u2019 messages at the same time. Those are the exact situations the Osgood-Schamm model was created for.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Join a brainstorming call on Pumble<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"6-the-westley-and-maclean-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#6: The Westley and Maclean model of communication<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The Westley and Maclean model of communication suggests that the communication process does not start with the source\/sender, but rather with environmental factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">This model also takes into account the object of the orientation (i.e., the background, culture, and beliefs) of both the sender and the receiver of messages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The Westley and Maclean model of communication consists of 9 crucial components:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Environment (X)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Sensory experience (X\u00b9)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Source\/Sender (A)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The object of the orientation of the source (X\u00b2)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Receiver (B)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The object of the orientation of the receiver (X\u00b3)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Feedback (F)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Gatekeepers (C)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Opinion leaders<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The Westley and Maclean communication model diagram below shows how these components show up during the communication process.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Westley-and-Maclean-communication-model-diagram.webp\" alt=\"The Westley and Maclean communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-16317\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7478991596638656;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Westley-and-Maclean-communication-model-diagram.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Westley-and-Maclean-communication-model-diagram-300x172.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Westley-and-Maclean-communication-model-diagram-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Westley-and-Maclean-communication-model-diagram-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/The-Westley-and-Maclean-communication-model-diagram-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Westley and Maclean communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 id=\"the-westley-and-maclean-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">The Westley and Maclean communication model example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Imagine that on your way to the office, you witness a road accident.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">This is the type of environmental stimulus that would nudge you to call your friends and tell them about what you had seen, or call your boss to say you are going to be a bit late.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">So, the communication process in this example does not start with you, but with the road accident you have witnessed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Acknowledgment of the environmental factors in communication, therefore, allows us to pay attention to the social and cultural contexts that influence our acts of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try Pumble on mobile<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"9-key-elements-of-communication-in-the-westley-and-maclean-communication-model\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">9 key elements of communication in the Westley and Maclean communication model<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Now that we have an example of a communication scenario that could be illustrated by the Westley and Maclean framework, let\u2019s break it down into the elements used by this model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>COMPONENT<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>SYMBOL<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>DEFINITION<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Environment<\/td><td>X<\/td><td>The sender\u2019s surroundings<\/td><td>The sender is on their way to work.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensory experience<\/td><td>X\u00b9<\/td><td>The sender\u2019s perception of an event in their environment that prompts them to formulate a message<\/td><td>They see or hear a road accident.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Source\/Sender<\/td><td>A<\/td><td>The encoder of information in the case of interpersonal or mass communication<\/td><td>The sender\/source can be an individual or a news source like a radio or TV broadcast host.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The object of the orientation of the source<\/td><td>X\u00b2<\/td><td>The sender\u2019s beliefs or experiences<\/td><td>The sender worries that they\u2019ll be late for work because of the accident.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Receiver<\/td><td>B<\/td><td>The person who receives the message from the sender<\/td><td>The receiver can be the sender\u2019s friend, coworker, or manager.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The object of the orientation of the receiver<\/td><td>X\u00b3<\/td><td>The receiver\u2019s beliefs or experiences, which influence how the message is received<\/td><td>The friend may worry about the sender, whereas the manager might prioritize getting an estimate of the employee\u2019s arrival to work.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Feedback<\/td><td>F<\/td><td>Influences how messages are sent, making this model circular rather than linear<\/td><td>The receiver might ask for clarification, which would influence the sender\u2019s follow-up message.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gatekeeper<\/td><td>C<\/td><td>Editors of the messages senders are trying to communicate in mass communication situations<\/td><td>Gatekeepers are those who shape the news, like TV or newspaper editors.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Opinion leaders<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>An element of mass communication, contributing as environmental factors (X)<\/td><td>Opinion leaders are political leaders, celebrities, social media influencers.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"transactional-communication-models\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Transactional communication models<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">As the name suggests, <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/transactional-models-of-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">transactional communication models<\/a> view communication as a <strong>transaction<\/strong>, a cooperative process in which <strong>communicators<\/strong> (senders and receivers) co-create the process of communication, thereby influencing its outcome and effectiveness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Transactional models show that we do not just exchange information during our interactions, but create relationships, form cross-cultural bonds, and shape opinions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">By analyzing these functions of communication, these frameworks also highlight the social, relational, and cultural contexts that influence interactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, transactional models acknowledge that there are <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-barriers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">barriers to effective communication<\/a> \u2014 <strong>noise<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Of course, that\u2019s not the only component of transactional communication models, as these include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Encoding<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Decoding<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Communicators<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The message<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The channel<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Noise<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Transactional-communication-model-diagram.webp\" alt=\"Transactional communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-16318\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7478991596638656;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Transactional-communication-model-diagram.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Transactional-communication-model-diagram-300x172.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Transactional-communication-model-diagram-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Transactional-communication-model-diagram-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Transactional-communication-model-diagram-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Transactional communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 id=\"7-barnlunds-transactional-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#7: Barnlund\u2019s transactional model of communication<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Barnlund\u2019s model of communication recognizes that communication is a <strong>circular process and a multi-layered feedback system between the sender and the receiver<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The framework is perfect for analyzing interpersonal communication with immediate feedback coming from both senders and receivers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">According to this model, these roles are interchangeable and equally responsible for the effectiveness of the communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Barnlund\u2019s transactional communication model diagram below illustrates the following main components of this communication model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Encoding<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Decoding<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Communicators<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The message<\/strong> (including the cues, environment, and noise)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The channel<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Barnlunds-communication-model-diagram.webp\" alt=\"Barnlund\u2019s communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-16319\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7478991596638656;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Barnlunds-communication-model-diagram.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Barnlunds-communication-model-diagram-300x172.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Barnlunds-communication-model-diagram-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Barnlunds-communication-model-diagram-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Barnlunds-communication-model-diagram-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Barnlund\u2019s communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">This model highlights the role of cues in the communication process, particularly:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Public cues<\/strong> (environmental cues)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Private cues<\/strong> (communicator\u2019s personal thoughts and background)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Behavioral cues<\/strong> (person\u2019s behavior, that can be verbal and nonverbal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">All these cues, as well as the environment and noise, are part of the message. Each communicator\u2019s reaction depends on their background, experiences, attitudes, and beliefs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"barnlunds-transactional-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Barnlund\u2019s transactional communication model example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Barnlund\u2019s model of communication can be used to analyze:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Face-to-face interactions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Telephone conversations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Chat sessions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/types-of-meetings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Meetings<\/a>, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">For example, during a meeting or a video call, everyone is simultaneously sending and receiving messages even when they\u2019re not speaking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Their behavioral cues are always making their thoughts known to other meeting participants, thereby influencing the communication of anyone who sees them.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Feedback-can-be-communicated-even-without-words-during-face-to-face-meetings-on-Pumble-the-team-communication-app.webp\" alt=\"Feedback can be communicated even without words during face-to-face meetings on Pumble, the team communication app\" class=\"wp-image-16320\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.798270893371758;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Feedback-can-be-communicated-even-without-words-during-face-to-face-meetings-on-Pumble-the-team-communication-app.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Feedback-can-be-communicated-even-without-words-during-face-to-face-meetings-on-Pumble-the-team-communication-app-300x167.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Feedback-can-be-communicated-even-without-words-during-face-to-face-meetings-on-Pumble-the-team-communication-app-1024x569.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Feedback-can-be-communicated-even-without-words-during-face-to-face-meetings-on-Pumble-the-team-communication-app-768x427.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Feedback-can-be-communicated-even-without-words-during-face-to-face-meetings-on-Pumble-the-team-communication-app-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Feedback can be communicated even without words during face-to-face meetings on Pumble, the team communication app<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Host video conferences with Pumble<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"8-dances-helical-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">#8: Dance\u2019s Helical model of communication&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Dance\u2019s Helical communication model views communication as a <strong>circular process that gets more and more complex as communication progresses<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Each communication encounter is different from the previous one because communication never repeats itself.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">That is why it is represented by a helical spiral, as shown in the Dance\u2019s Helical communication model diagram below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Dances-Helical-communication-model-diagram.webp\" alt=\"Dance\u2019s Helical communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-16321\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7478991596638656;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Dances-Helical-communication-model-diagram.webp 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Dances-Helical-communication-model-diagram-300x172.webp 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Dances-Helical-communication-model-diagram-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Dances-Helical-communication-model-diagram-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Dances-Helical-communication-model-diagram-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dance\u2019s Helical communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In their book \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/376443.Communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Communication: Principles for a Lifetime<\/a>\u201d, Steven A. Beebe, Susan J. Beebe, and Diana K. Ivy state:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background translation-block wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#e5f6fe\"><em>\u201cInterpersonal communication is irreversible. Like the spiral shown here, communication never loops back on itself. Once it begins, it expands infinitely as the communication partners contribute their thoughts and experiences to the exchange.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">According to this communication model, in the communication process, the feedback we get from the other party involved influences our next statement, and we become more knowledgeable with every new cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"dances-helical-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Dance\u2019s Helical communication model example&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Dance himself explained his model with the example of a person learning throughout their life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Namely, a person starts to communicate with their surroundings very early on, using rudimentary methods of communication. For instance, as babies, we cry to get our mothers\u2019 attention. Later on, we learn to speak in words, and then in full sentences. During the whole process, we build on what we know to improve our communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Naturally, the process continues in the workplace, with every interaction with managers or coworkers building upon previous ones to give us a greater understanding of our environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Every communication act is, therefore, a chance for us to learn how to communicate more effectively in the future, and feedback helps us achieve more effective communication.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In a way, our whole life is one communicational journey toward the top of Dance\u2019s helix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Connect your team on Pumble<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"how-to-choose-the-right-communication-model\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">How to choose the right communication model<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">At this point, you might be wondering which of the communication models we\u2019ve discussed would best suit an upcoming communication scenario you\u2019ll be dealing with.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">If you\u2019re looking for the most effective model of communication to base your <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-plans\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">communication plan<\/a> on, all you need to do is answer the following questions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is the goal of your communication?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is the size of your audience?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Does your message require feedback from the receiver?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Once you have the answer to these questions, you should be able to select the most appropriate communication model and channel for the situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Here\u2019s an example of what that thought process might look like.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>MESSAGE GOAL<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Persuasion<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Information<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Collaboration<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/td><td>Getting a client to sign a contract<\/td><td>Letting employees know about a new policy rollout<\/td><td>Reviewing design solutions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>AUDIENCE SIZE<\/strong><\/td><td>1\u20135 client representatives<\/td><td>All company employees (hundreds or thousands of people)<\/td><td>A team of 10\u201320 people<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>FEEDBACK<\/strong><\/td><td>Not necessary (as it won\u2019t change what your company is offering)<\/td><td>Not necessary (the clarity of the message should eliminate the need for follow-up questions)<\/td><td>Necessary (to properly review designs and propose better solutions)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>COMMUNICATION MODEL<\/strong><\/td><td>Aristotle\u2019s model<\/td><td>Lasswell\u2019s model<\/td><td>Barnlund\u2019s model<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>CHANNEL<\/strong><\/td><td>In-person or virtual meeting, a sales email<\/td><td>Company-wide announcement on an all-hands channel or via email<\/td><td>In-person or virtual meeting<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Basically, you can use linear models for communicating messages that don\u2019t require feedback, which is usually done in marketing, sales, and PR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Interactional and transactional models are better for internal communication, which requires more back and forth exchanges and feedback.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Then again, if you\u2019re only looking to share some information with your employees, linear models would do the trick.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"frequently-asked-questions-about-models-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Frequently asked questions about models of communication<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Still got questions? Here are some quickfire answers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"what-are-the-4-models-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">What are the 4 models of communication?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The 4 basic models of communication include the linear frameworks we\u2019ve discussed, namely:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Aristotle\u2019s model<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">The Shannon-Weaver model<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">The Osgood-Schramm model<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R model<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"what-are-the-5-means-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">What are the 5 means of communication?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;The 5 main types of communication include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Verbal communication<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Nonverbal communication<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Written communication<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Visual communication<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Active listening<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Though listening isn\u2019t a way of transmitting information, it still plays a crucial role in the process of effective communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"how-many-types-of-models-are-there-in-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">How many types of models are there in communication?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The 3 types of communication models include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Linear models used in one-way communication<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Interactive or interactional models typically used for mediated or internet-based exchanges<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Transactional models used to describe more complex interactions<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"what-is-the-most-basic-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">What is the most basic model of communication?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Aristotle\u2019s communication model is the most basic one you can use, as it represents the simplest form of communication without taking into account audience reactions or feedback.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"what-are-the-5-elements-of-the-basic-communication-model\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">What are the 5 elements of the basic communication model?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">The 5 basic components of most communication models include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">The sender or source (the person who encodes the message)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">The message itself<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">The medium or channel through which the message is transmitted<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">The receiver or audience (the people who decode the message)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Feedback (which helps the sender adjust their message if it was misinterpreted)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"implementing-communication-models-with-pumble-by-cake-com\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Implementing communication models with Pumble by CAKE.com<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Having a dedicated <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/hq-digital\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">digital HQ<\/a> like <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pumble<\/a> by CAKE.com can help you find the right channel for all of your professional conversations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on the purpose of your communication and the audience you\u2019re trying to reach, you can use:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/features\/channels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Private or public channels<\/a> to notify multiple people at once while minimizing the chance for misinterpretation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/video-conferencing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Video conferencing<\/a> to give others a chance to speak, which is especially useful for collaborating and brainstorming<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/help\/integrations\/communication-collaboration-tools\/polls-integration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Polls<\/a> to quickly and efficiently gather feedback from a large group of recipients<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to these, Pumble has plenty of other <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/feature-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">features<\/a> that make it a great <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/pumble\/pumble-ultimate-communication-solution-for-teams\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">team communication solution<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">So, after analyzing your team\u2019s communication efforts through the most appropriate model, picking the preferred communication method will be an intuitive and rewarding process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block wp-block-paragraph\">Improve your communication today!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try Pumble by CAKE.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn about the different models of communication we can use to create a visual representation of our professional exchanges.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":16323,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1600","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication-fundamentals","category-communication"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1600","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1600"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1600\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16325,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1600\/revisions\/16325"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16323"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1600"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1600"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1600"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}