{"id":1600,"date":"2023-09-29T07:51:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-29T07:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/?p=1600"},"modified":"2025-06-13T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2025-06-13T00:00:00","slug":"communication-models","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-models\/","title":{"rendered":"8 Communication Models: Understanding What They Are and How They Work"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In order to understand all the ins and outs of how we communicate, communication theorists have developed different models of communication that illustrate how the process plays out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">By taking different perspectives and analyzing various communication models, we can learn a lot on how to assess and improve our current communication situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In the words of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/13182400\/Reading_Lasswells_Model_of_Communication_Backward_Three_Scholarly_Misconceptions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">US communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell<\/a>, the theorists\u2019 task is to answer the question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>\u201cWho says what to whom with what effect?\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In this guide, we will:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Introduce you to the models of communication that are most frequently encountered in the literature,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Explain how these models help with workplace communication, and&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Dive deep into major models of communication and explain them in detail.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Without further ado, let\u2019s begin!<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Comunication-models.jpg\" alt=\"Communication models-cover\" class=\"wp-image-10020\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Comunication-models.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Comunication-models-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Comunication-models-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Comunication-models-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Comunication-models-18x9.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"what-are-communication-models\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">What are communication models?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">According to Denis McQuail\u2019s book <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/1007599.McQuail_s_Mass_Communication_Theory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Mass Communication Theory<\/em><\/a>, <em>\u201ca model is a selective representation in verbal or diagrammatic form of some aspect of the dynamic process of mass communication.\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In other words, models of <strong>communication provide us with a visual representation of the different aspects of a communication situation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Since communication is a complex process, it\u2019s often challenging to determine where a conversation begins and ends.&nbsp;That is where models of communication come in \u2014 to <strong>simplify the process of understanding communication<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\n<div class=\"banner banner-dark pumble-gradient-landing-3\">\n    <div class=\"banner-text lg:pr-[6rem]\">\n        <h2 class=\"translation-block text-2xl !mb-4\">Simplify team communication<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"translation-block !text-sm\">Streamline your team communication with Pumble \u2014 the all-in-one communication app.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-buttons d-flex space-x-4 translation-block\">\n            <a class=\"rounded-md px-6 py-2 bg-white\" href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up<\/a>\n\n                            <a class=\"button-2\" href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\" target=\"_blank\">Learn more<\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"banner-image banner-image-bottom \">\n        <picture>\n            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/landing-3@2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Illustration\"  media=\"(min-width: 1022px)\" \/>\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/landing-3.png\"  alt=\"Illustration\" \/>\n        <\/picture>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Some models are more detailed than others, but even the most elaborate ones cannot perfectly represent what goes on in a communication encounter.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"how-can-communication-models-help-with-work-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">How can communication models help with work communication?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Since communication is the lifeblood of <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/organizational-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">any organization<\/a>, we have to strive to understand how it works.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Understanding communication models can help us:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Think about our communication situations more deliberately<\/strong>,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Learn from our previous experiences<\/strong>, and&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Better prepare for future communication situations<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Do you remember the last time you had a misunderstanding with a colleague?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Was the<a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/miscommunication-in-the-workplace\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> workplace miscommunication<\/a> caused by a wrongly interpreted tone of a message?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Or, maybe the <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/optimizing-internal-communication-better-email-alternative\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">email you had sent<\/a> to your coworker ended up in the spam folder, so they didn\u2019t even get it?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Whatever the misunderstanding was, we have to come to terms with the fact that some communication encounters are successful, others not so much.That is why we have so many current communication models we can use to plan <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-situations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">successful communication situations<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\n<div class=\"banner banner-dark pumble-gradient-landing-1\">\n    <div class=\"banner-text lg:pr-[6rem]\">\n        <h2 class=\"translation-block text-2xl !mb-4\">Clarify team communication<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"translation-block !text-sm\">Avoid misunderstandings with Pumble \u2014 the all-in-one communication app.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-buttons d-flex space-x-4 translation-block\">\n            <a class=\"rounded-md px-6 py-2 bg-white\" href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up<\/a>\n\n                            <a class=\"button-2\" href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\" target=\"_blank\">Learn more<\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"banner-image banner-image-stretch \">\n        <picture>\n            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/landing-1@2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Illustration\"  media=\"(min-width: 1022px)\" \/>\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/landing-1.png\"  alt=\"Illustration\" \/>\n        <\/picture>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">After learning what communication models are and why they are important for our workplace communication, let\u2019s take a closer look at the 8 models of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"8-major-communication-models\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">8 Major communication models<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">There are 8 major models of communication, which can be divided into 3 categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Linear models <\/strong><strong>of communication<\/strong> \u2014 They only look at one-way communication. The most prominent linear models of communication are:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Aristotle\u2019s communication model,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Lasswell\u2019s communication model,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">The Shannon-Weaver communication model, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Interactive models of communication<\/strong> \u2014 They analyze <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/two-way-communication\/\">two-way communication<\/a>. These are the following:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">The Osgood-Schramm communication model, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">The Westley and Maclean communication model.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Transactional models <\/strong><strong>of communication<\/strong> \u2014 They illustrate two-way communication where the message gets more complex as the communication event progresses. These include:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Barnlund\u2019s transactional communication model, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Dance\u2019s Helical communication model.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In the following paragraphs, we will analyze each of these models in detail, starting with linear models.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"linear-models-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Linear models of communication&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The linear communication model is straightforward and used mainly in marketing, sales, and PR, in communication with customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is a linear model of communication?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Linear communication models suggest that communication takes place only in <strong>one direction<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The main elements in these models are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The channel<\/strong>,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The sender<\/strong>, and&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The receiver<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Some linear models of communication also mention <strong>noise<\/strong> as one of the factors that have a role in the <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">communication process<\/a>. Noise acts as the added (background) element that usually distracts from the original message.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">But, we\u2019ll talk more about the role of noise in the communication process later on. For now, let\u2019s start with the basic elements of the linear communication model.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">As illustrated in the linear communication model diagram below, this communication model is pretty straightforward.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/1.-Linear-min.jpg\" alt=\"Linear communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-9995\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/1.-Linear-min.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/1.-Linear-min-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/1.-Linear-min-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/1.-Linear-min-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/1.-Linear-min-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Linear communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Simply put, the sender transmits the message via a channel.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The channel, as the medium, changes the message into speech, writing, or animation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The message then finally reaches the receiver, who decodes it.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Now, it is time to analyze each one of the 3 most prominent linear models of communication in more detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"1-aristotles-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">1. Aristotle\u2019s model of communication&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Being the oldest communication model that dates back to 300 BC, Aristotle\u2019s model was designed to examine how to become a better and <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/persuasive-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">more persuasive communicator<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is Aristotle\u2019s model of communication?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Aristotle\u2019s model of communication primarily focuses on <strong>the sender<\/strong> (public speaker, professor, etc.) who passes on their message to <strong>the receiver<\/strong> (the audience).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The sender is also the only active member in this model, whereas the audience is passive. This makes Aristotle\u2019s communication model a foolproof way to excel in public speaking, seminars, and lectures.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What are the main elements of Aristotle\u2019s communication model?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Aristotle identified 3 elements that improve communication within this model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Ethos<\/strong> \u2014 Defines the credibility of the speaker. The speaker gains credibility, authority, and power by being an expert in a field of their choice.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Pathos<\/strong> \u2014 Connects the speaker with the audience through different emotions (anger, sadness, happiness, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Logos<\/strong> \u2014 Signifies logic. Namely, it is not enough for the speech to be interesting \u2014 it needs to follow the rules of logic.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">As shown in Aristotle\u2019s communication model diagram below, Aristotle also suggested that we look at 5 components of a communication situation to analyze the best way to communicate:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Speaker<\/strong>,<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Speech<\/strong>,<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Occasion<\/strong>,<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Target audience<\/strong>, and<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Effect<\/strong>.<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/4.-Aristotles-min.jpg\" alt=\"Aristotle\u2019s communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-9996\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/4.-Aristotles-min.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/4.-Aristotles-min-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/4.-Aristotles-min-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/4.-Aristotles-min-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/4.-Aristotles-min-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Aristotle\u2019s communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 id=\"aristotles-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Aristotle\u2019s communication model example&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Picture this:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Professor Hustvedt is giving a lecture on neurological disorders to her students.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">She delivers her speech persuasively, in a manner that leaves her students mesmerized.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The professor is at the center of attention, whereas the audience \u2014 her students \u2014 are merely passive listeners. Nevertheless, her message influences them and makes them act accordingly.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">So, in this situation, professor Hustvedt is <strong>the speaker<\/strong>, and her lecture on disorders is <strong>the act of speech<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The occasion<\/strong> in question is a university lecture, while the students are her <strong>target audience<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The effect of her speech<\/strong> is the students gaining knowledge on this subject matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">One of the major drawbacks of this model is that it does not pay attention to the feedback in communication because the audience is passive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\n<div class=\"banner banner-dark pumble-gradient-default\">\n    <div class=\"banner-text lg:pr-[6rem]\">\n        <h2 class=\"translation-block text-2xl !mb-4\">Free team communication app<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"translation-block !text-sm\">Improve collaboration and cut down on emails by moving your team communication to Pumble.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-buttons d-flex space-x-4 translation-block\">\n            <a class=\"rounded-md px-6 py-2 bg-white\" href=\"\/register\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up<\/a>\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"banner-image banner-image-right \">\n        <picture>\n            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/default@2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Illustration\"  media=\"(min-width: 1022px)\" \/>\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/default.png\"  alt=\"Illustration\" \/>\n        <\/picture>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n     <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"2-lasswells-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">2. Lasswell\u2019s model of communication&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The next linear model on our list is Lasswell\u2019s model of mass communication.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is Lasswell\u2019s model of communication?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Lasswell\u2019s communication model views communication as the transmission of a message with the effect as the result.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The effect in this case is the measurable and obvious change in the receiver of the message, caused by the elements of communication.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">If any of the elements change, the effect also changes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What are the main elements of Lasswell\u2019s communication model?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Lasswell\u2019s model aims to answer the 5 following questions regarding its elements:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Who created the message?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">What did they say?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">What channel did they use (TV, radio, blog)?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">To whom did they say it?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">What effect did it have on the receiver?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The answers to these questions offer us the main components of this model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Communicator<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Message<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Medium<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Audience\/Receiver<\/strong>, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Effect<\/strong>.<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">If we take a look at Lasswell\u2019s communication model diagram below, we can better understand how these main components are organized.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/5.-Lasswel-min.jpg\" alt=\"Laswell\u2019s communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-9997\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/5.-Lasswel-min.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/5.-Lasswel-min-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/5.-Lasswel-min-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/5.-Lasswel-min-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/5.-Lasswel-min-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lasswell\u2019s communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 id=\"lasswells-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Lasswell\u2019s communication model example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Let\u2019s say you are watching an infomercial channel on TV and on comes a suitcase salesman, Mr. Sanders.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">He is promoting his brand of suitcases as the best. Aware that millions of viewers are watching his presentation, Mr. Sanders is determined to leave a remarkable impression.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">By doing so, he is achieving brand awareness, promoting his product as the best on the market, and consequently increasing sales revenue.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">So, in this instance, Mr. Sanders is <strong>the communicator<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The message<\/strong> he is conveying is the promotion of his brand of suitcases as the best.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The medium<\/strong> he uses is television.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">His <strong>audience<\/strong> consists of evening TV viewers in the US.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The effect<\/strong> he is achieving by doing this is raising brand awareness and increasing sales revenue.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\n<div class=\"banner banner-dark pumble-gradient-features\">\n    <div class=\"banner-text lg:pr-[6rem]\">\n        <h2 class=\"translation-block text-2xl !mb-4\">Improve your business communication<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"translation-block !text-sm\">Empower your team to communicate more effectively with Pumble \u2014 the all-in-one communication app.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-buttons d-flex space-x-4 translation-block\">\n            <a class=\"rounded-md px-6 py-2 bg-white\" href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up<\/a>\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"banner-image banner-image-middle \">\n        <picture>\n            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/features@2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Illustration\"  media=\"(min-width: 1022px)\" \/>\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/features.png\"  alt=\"Illustration\" \/>\n        <\/picture>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n    &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"3-the-shannon-weaver-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">3. The Shannon-Weaver model of communication&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Maybe the most popular model of communication is the Shannon-Weaver model.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Strangely enough, Shannon and Weaver were mathematicians, who developed their work during the Second World War in the Bell Telephone Laboratories. They aimed to discover which <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-channels\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">channels are most effective<\/a> for communicating.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">So, although they were doing research as part of their engineering endeavors, they claimed that their theory is applicable to human communication as well.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">And, they were right.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is the Shannon-Weaver model of communication?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The Shannon-Weaver communication model, therefore, is a mathematical communication concept that proposes that communication is a linear, one-way process that can be broken down into 5 key concepts.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What are the main elements of the Shannon-Weaver communication model?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">As the Shanon-Weaver communication model diagram below shows, the main components of this model are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Sender<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Encoder<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Channel<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Decoder<\/strong>, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Receiver<\/strong>.<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/6.-The-Shannon-Weaver-min.jpg\" alt=\"The Shannon-Weaver communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-9998\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/6.-The-Shannon-Weaver-min.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/6.-The-Shannon-Weaver-min-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/6.-The-Shannon-Weaver-min-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/6.-The-Shannon-Weaver-min-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/6.-The-Shannon-Weaver-min-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Shannon-Weaver communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Shannon and Weaver were also the first to introduce the role of <strong>noise<\/strong> in the communication process. In his book <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/984279.Introduction_to_Communication_Studies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Introduction to Communication Studies<\/em><\/a>, John Fiske defines noise as:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>\u201cAnything that is added to the signal between its transmission and reception that is not intended by the source.\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The noise appears in the form of mishearing a conversation, misspelling an email, or static on a radio broadcast.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"the-shannon-weaver-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">The Shannon-Weaver communication model example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Paula, a VP of Marketing in a multinational company, is briefing Julian on new marketing strategies they are about to introduce next month.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">She wants a detailed study of the competitor\u2019s activity by the end of the week.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Unfortunately, while she was speaking, her assistant Peter interrupted her, and she forgot to tell Julian about the most important issue.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">At the end of the week, Julian did finish the report, but there were some mistakes, which had to be corrected later on.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Let\u2019s take a moment to briefly analyze this example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Paula is the <strong>sender<\/strong>, her mouth being the <strong>encoder<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The meeting she held was the <strong>channel<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Julian\u2019s ears and brain were <strong>decoders<\/strong>, and Julian was the <strong>receiver<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Can you guess Peter\u2019s role?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Yes, he was the <strong>noise<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The issue in this process was the lack of feedback. Had Julian asked Paula for clarification after Peter interrupted her, the whole communication process would have been more effective, and there would have been no mistakes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"updated-version-of-the-shannon-weaver-communication-model\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Updated version of the Shannon-Weaver communication model&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Since the original version didn\u2019t include it, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/communication\/Models-of-communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">principle of feedback<\/a> was added to the updated version, so the model provided a more truthful representation of human interaction.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The concept of feedback was derived from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/125323581-cybernetics-or-control-and-communication-in-the-animal-and-the-machine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">studies of Norbert Wiener<\/a>, the so-called father of cybernetics.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Simply put, feedback is the <strong>transfer of the receiver\u2019s reaction back to the sender<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">It allows the speaker to modify their performance according to the reaction of the audience.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Maybe the most important function of feedback is the fact that it helps the receiver feel involved in the communication process.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">That makes the receiver more receptive to the message, because they feel their opinion is being taken into account.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group pro-tip\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\ud83c\udf93 <strong>Pumble Pro Tip<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In addition to being an important element in this communication model, feedback is also an integral part of effective workplace communication. To find out more about why it\u2019s essential and how to practice it in the workplace, take a look at our resources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/remote-constructive-feedback\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How to Give Constructive Feedback in the Workplace: Best Examples and Tips<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/ask-manager-for-feedback\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How to Ask Your Manager for Feedback<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/feedback-vs-feedforward\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Feedback vs Feedforward: Moving From Feedback to Feedforward<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"4-berlos-s-m-c-r-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">4. Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R model of communication&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Berlo\u2019s model of communication was first defined by David Berlo in his 1960 book <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/12155061-process-of-communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Process of Communication<\/em><\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This communication model is unique in the sense that it gives a detailed account of the key elements in each step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R model of communication?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Simply put, Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model is a linear model of communication that suggests communication is the transfer of information between 4 basic steps or key elements.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What are the main elements of Berlo\u2019s Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">As shown in Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model diagram below, these steps are the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Source<\/strong>,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Message<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Channel<\/strong>, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Receiver<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/7.-Berlos-S-M-C-R-min.jpg\" alt=\"Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-9999\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/7.-Berlos-S-M-C-R-min.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/7.-Berlos-S-M-C-R-min-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/7.-Berlos-S-M-C-R-min-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/7.-Berlos-S-M-C-R-min-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/7.-Berlos-S-M-C-R-min-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Let\u2019s consider the key elements that affect how well the message is communicated, starting with the source.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"step-1-the-source\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Step #1: The source<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The source<\/strong> or the sender carefully puts their thoughts into words and transfers the message to the receiver.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">So, how does the sender transfer the information to the receiver, according to Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">With the help of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><em>Communication skills <\/em>\u2014&nbsp; First and foremost, the source needs <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-skills\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">good communication skills<\/a> to ensure the <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/skills-of-effective-communicators\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">communication will be effective<\/a>. The speaker should know when to pause, what to repeat, how to pronounce a word, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><em>Attitude<\/em> \u2014&nbsp; Secondly, the source needs the right attitude. Without it, not even a great speaker would ever emerge as a winner. The source needs to make a lasting impression on the receiver(s).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><em>Knowledge<\/em> \u2014 Here, knowledge does not refer to educational qualifications but to the clarity of the information that the source wants to transfer to the receiver.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><em>Social system<\/em> \u2014 The source should be familiar with the social system in which the communication process takes place. That would help the source not to offend anyone.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><em>Culture<\/em> \u2014 Last but not least, to <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/effective-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">achieve effective communication<\/a>, the source needs to be acquainted with the culture in which the communication encounter is taking place. This is especially important for <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/cross-cultural-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cross-cultural communication<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group pro-tip\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\ud83c\udf93 <strong>Pumble Pro Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">For more on how to improve cross-cultural communication and adapt to the global workforce, learn all about cultural intelligence and how to improve it in our blog post:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/cultural-intelligence\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cultural Intelligence: Working Confidently in Cross-Cultural Environments<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"step-2-the-message\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Step #2: The message<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The speaker creates <strong>the message<\/strong> when they transform their thoughts into words.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Here are the key factors of the message:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><em>Content<\/em> \u2014 Simply put, this is the script of the conversation.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><em>Elements<\/em> \u2014 Speech alone is not enough for the message to be fully understood. That is why other elements have to be taken into account: gestures, body language, facial expressions, etc.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><em>Treatment<\/em> \u2014 The way the source treats the message. They have to be aware of the importance of the message so that they can convey it appropriately.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><em>Structure<\/em> \u2014 The source has to properly structure the message to ensure the receiver will understand it correctly.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><em>Code<\/em> \u2014 All the elements, verbal and nonverbal, need to be accurate if you do not want your message to get distorted and misinterpreted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"step-3-the-channel\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Step #3: The channel&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">To get from the source to the receiver, the message goes through <strong>the channel<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model identifies all our senses as the channels that help us communicate with one another.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Our sense of <strong>hearing<\/strong> lets us know that someone is speaking to us.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Through our sense of <strong>taste<\/strong>, we gather information about the spiciness of a sauce we are eating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Our sense of <strong>sight<\/strong> allows us to decipher traffic signs while driving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">We decide whether we like a certain perfume or not by <strong>smelling<\/strong> it.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">By <strong>touching<\/strong> the water we feel whether it is too cold for a swim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"step-4-the-receiver\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Step #4: The receiver<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">A receiver is a person the source is speaking to \u2014 the destination of the conveyed message.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">To understand the message, the receiver should involve the same elements as the source. They should have similar communication skills, attitudes, and knowledge, and be acquainted with the social system and culture in which they communicate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"berlos-s-m-c-r-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R communication model example&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Watching the news on television is the perfect example of Berlo\u2019s S-M-C-R Model of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In this case, the news presenter is the source of the news and they convey the message to the audience.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The news is the message, the television is the channel, and the audience are the receivers of the message.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Since we have become acquainted with linear models of communication, let\u2019s move on to something a little more complex and dynamic \u2014 interactive models of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"interactive-models-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Interactive models of communication&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Interactive models are used in internet-based and mediated communication such as telephone conversations, letters, etc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is an interactive model of communication?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">As more dynamic models, interactive communication models refer to two-way communication with feedback.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">However, feedback within interactive communication models is not simultaneous, but rather slow and indirect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What are the main elements of interactive communication models?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The main elements of these models, illustrated in the interactive communication model diagram, include the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Sender<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Message<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Receiver<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Feedback<\/strong>, and&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Field of experience<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2.-Interactive-min.jpg\" alt=\"Interactive communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-10000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2.-Interactive-min.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2.-Interactive-min-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2.-Interactive-min-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2.-Interactive-min-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2.-Interactive-min-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Interactive communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">You probably noticed the new, previously not seen element \u2014 <strong>field of experience<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The field of experience represents a person\u2019s culture, past experiences, and personal history.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">All of these factors influence how the sender constructs a message, as well as how the receiver interprets it. Every one of us brings a unique field of experience into communication situations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Let\u2019s go over&nbsp;the most noteworthy interactive models of communication in greater detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\n<div class=\"banner banner-dark pumble-gradient-default\">\n    <div class=\"banner-text lg:pr-[6rem]\">\n        <h2 class=\"translation-block text-2xl !mb-4\">Free team communication app<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"translation-block !text-sm\">Improve collaboration and cut down on emails by moving your team communication to Pumble.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-buttons d-flex space-x-4 translation-block\">\n            <a class=\"rounded-md px-6 py-2 bg-white\" href=\"\/register\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up<\/a>\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"banner-image banner-image-right \">\n        <picture>\n            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/default@2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Illustration\"  media=\"(min-width: 1022px)\" \/>\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/default.png\"  alt=\"Illustration\" \/>\n        <\/picture>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"5-the-osgood-schramm-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">5. The Osgood-Schramm model of communication<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In their book <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/732671.Communication_Models_for_the_Study_of_Mass_Communications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications<\/em><\/a>, Denis Mcquail and Sven Windahl say that the emergence of this model <em>\u201cmeant a clear break with the traditional linear\/one-way picture of communication.\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is the Osgood-Schramm model of communication?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The Osgood-Schramm model is a circular model of communication, in which messages go in two directions between encoding and decoding.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">As such, this model is useful for describing synchronous, <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/interpersonal-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">interpersonal communication<\/a>, but less suitable for cases with little or no feedback.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Interestingly, in the Osgood-Schramm communication model, there is <strong>no difference between a sender and a receiver<\/strong>. Both parties are equally encoding and decoding the messages. The interpreter is the person trying to understand the message at that moment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Furthermore, the Osgood-Schramm communication<em> <\/em>model shows that information is of no use until it is put into words and conveyed to other people.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What are the main principles and steps in the communication process according to this model?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The Osgood-Schramm communication model proposes <strong>4 main principles<\/strong> of communication:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Communication is circular.<\/strong> Individuals involved in the communication process are changing their roles as encoders and decoders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Communication is equal and reciprocal.<\/strong> Both parties are equally engaged as encoders and decoders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The message requires interpretation.<\/strong> The information needs to be properly interpreted to be understood.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">As shown in the Osgood-Schramm communication model diagram below, this model proposes 3 steps in the process of communication:&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Encoding<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Decoding<\/strong>, and&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Interpreting<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/8.-Osgood-Schramm-min.jpg\" alt=\"The Osgood-Schramm communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-10001\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/8.-Osgood-Schramm-min.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/8.-Osgood-Schramm-min-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/8.-Osgood-Schramm-min-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/8.-Osgood-Schramm-min-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/8.-Osgood-Schramm-min-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Osgood-Schramm communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 id=\"the-osgood-schramm-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">The Osgood-Schramm communication model example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Imagine you have not heard from your college friend for 15 years. Suddenly, they call you, and you start updating each other about what happened during the time you have not seen each other.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In this example, you and your friend are equally encoding and decoding messages, and your communication is synchronous. You are both interpreting each other\u2019s messages.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/107769905503200201\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Information Theory and Mass Communication<\/em><\/a>, Schramm even says:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\u201c<em>It is misleading to think of the communication process as starting somewhere and ending somewhere. It is really endless. We are really switchboard centers handling and re-routing the great endless current of information<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"6-the-westley-and-maclean-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">6. The Westley and Maclean model of communication<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The next interactive communication model on our list is the Westley and Maclean model of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This communication model is primarily used for explaining mass communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is the Westley and Maclean communication model?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The Westley and Maclean model of communication suggests that the communication process <em>does not<\/em> start with the source\/sender, but rather with <strong>environmental factors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This model also takes into account <em>the object of the orientation<\/em> (background, culture, and beliefs) of the sender and the receiver of messages.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The very process of communication, according to this communication model, starts with environmental factors that influence the speaker \u2014 the culture or society the speaker lives in, whether the speaker is in a public or private space, etc.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Aside from that, the role of feedback is also significant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What are the main elements of the Westley and Maclean communication model?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This model consists of 9 crucial components:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Environment (X)<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Sensory experience (X\u00b9)<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Source\/Sender (A)<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The object of the orientation of the source (X\u00b2)<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Receiver (B)<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The object of the orientation of the receiver (X\u00b3)<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Feedback (F)<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Gatekeepers (C)<\/strong>, and&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Opinion leaders<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The Westley and Maclean communication model diagram below shows how these components are organized in the communication process.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/9.-The-Westley-and-Maclean-min.jpg\" alt=\"The Westley and Maclean communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-10002\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/9.-The-Westley-and-Maclean-min.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/9.-The-Westley-and-Maclean-min-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/9.-The-Westley-and-Maclean-min-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/9.-The-Westley-and-Maclean-min-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/9.-The-Westley-and-Maclean-min-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Westley and Maclean communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 id=\"the-westley-and-maclean-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">The Westley and Maclean communication model example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Imagine that on your way to the office, you witness a road accident.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This is the type of stimulus that would nudge you to call your friends and tell them about what you had seen, or call your boss to say you are going to be a bit late.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">So, the communication process in this example does not start with you, but with the road accident you have witnessed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Acknowledgment of the environmental factors in communication, therefore, allows us to pay attention to the social and cultural contexts that influence our acts of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\n<div class=\"banner banner-dark pumble-gradient-landing-2\">\n    <div class=\"banner-text lg:pr-[6rem]\">\n        <h2 class=\"translation-block text-2xl !mb-4\">Streamline team communication<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"translation-block !text-sm\">Minimize distractions and promote more effective communication with Pumble \u2014 the all-in-one communication app.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-buttons d-flex space-x-4 translation-block\">\n            <a class=\"rounded-md px-6 py-2 bg-white\" href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up<\/a>\n\n                            <a class=\"button-2\" href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\" target=\"_blank\">Learn more<\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"banner-image banner-image-middle \">\n        <picture>\n            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/landing-2@2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Illustration\"  media=\"(min-width: 1022px)\" \/>\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/landing-2.png\"  alt=\"Illustration\" \/>\n        <\/picture>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Now that we have seen what the elements of communication in this model are, let\u2019s look at all of them in greater detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"9-key-elements-of-communication-in-the-westley-and-maclean-communication-model\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">9 Key elements of communication in the Westley and Maclean communication model<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">As mentioned above, this model shows that the communication process does not start from the sender of the message, but rather from the environment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">So, we will start with this element.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Element #1: Environment (X)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">According to the Westley and Maclean model, the communication process starts when a stimulus from the environment motivates a person to create and send a message.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Element #2: Sensory experience (X\u00b9)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">When the sender of the message experiences something in their environment that nudges them to send the message, then that sensory experience becomes an element of communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In the example above, the sensory experience would be witnessing a road accident.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Element #3: Source\/Sender (A)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Only now does the sender come into play.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In the above-mentioned example, <em>you<\/em> are the sender, as well as a participant in the <strong>interpersonal communication situation<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">However, a sender can also be a newscaster sending a message to millions of viewers. In that case, we are talking about <strong>mass communication<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Element #4: The object of the orientation of the source (X\u00b2)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The next element of communication in this model is the object of the orientation of the source.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Namely, the object of the orientation of the source is the <strong>sender\u2019s beliefs or experiences<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">If we take the previously-mentioned road accident as an example, you (A) are concerned (X\u00b2) that you are going to be late for work because of the accident (X\u00b9), and that is why you are calling your boss (B).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Element #5: Receiver (B)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The receiver is the person who receives the message from the sender.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In mass communication, a receiver is a person who watches TV, reads a newspaper, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">When speaking about interpersonal communication, a receiver is a <strong>person who listens to the message<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In the example of a road accident, the receivers of the message are your friends and your boss.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Element #6: The object of the orientation of the receiver (X\u00b3)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The object of orientation of the receiver is the <strong>receiver\u2019s beliefs or experiences<\/strong>, which influence how the message is received.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">For example, your friend (B) watching the news is worried about your safety (X\u00b3) after receiving the message.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Element #7: Feedback (F)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Feedback is crucial for this model because it makes this model circular, rather than linear.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">As a matter of fact, <strong>feedback influences how messages are sent<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">That means that a receiver and a gatekeeper are sending messages back to the sender.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">After they have received the feedback, the sender modifies the message and sends it back.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Let\u2019s go back to our example (about the road accident).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>So, you have witnessed the accident and feel the urge to call your best friend.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>You: \u201cThere was a terrible accident downtown!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>Your friend: \u201cMy goodness! Are you hurt?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>You: \u201cNo, no, I just witnessed it. I wasn\u2019t involved! Don\u2019t worry!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In this example, after the feedback from your worried friend, you modify your message and send it back to them.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Element #8: Gatekeepers (C)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This element usually occurs in mass communication, rather than in interpersonal communication.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Gatekeepers are <strong>editors of the messages<\/strong> senders are trying to communicate to receivers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">For example, these are newspaper editors who edit the message before it reaches the readers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Element #9: Opinion leaders<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Again, this element of communication refers to mass communication situations.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Namely, opinion leaders have an immense influence as an <strong>environmental factor<\/strong> (X) on the sender of the message (A).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">These are political leaders, celebrities, or social media influencers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">We are now familiar with interactive models, so all we have left to analyze are the transactional communication models.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"transactional-communication-models\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Transactional communication models<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Transactional models are the most dynamic communication models, which first introduce a new term for senders and receivers \u2014 communicators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is a transactional communication model?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Transactional communication models view communication as <strong>a transaction<\/strong>, meaning that it is a cooperative process in which <strong>communicators<\/strong> co-create the process of communication, thereby influencing its outcome and effectiveness.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In other words, communicators create <strong>shared meaning in a dynamic process<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Aside from that, transactional models show that we do not just exchange information during our interactions, but create relationships, form cross-cultural bonds, and shape our opinions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In other words, communication helps us <strong>establish our realities<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">These models also introduced the roles of:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Social,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Relational, and&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Cultural contexts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Moreover, these models acknowledge that there are <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/communication\/communication-barriers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">barriers to effective communication<\/a> \u2014 <strong>noise<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What are the main elements of transactional communication models?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">By taking a look at the transactional communication model diagram below, we can identify the key components of this communication model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Encoding<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Decoding<\/strong>,<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Communicators<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The message<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The channel<\/strong>, and <strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Noise<\/strong>. <strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/3.-Transactional-min.jpg\" alt=\"Transactional communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-10003\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/3.-Transactional-min.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/3.-Transactional-min-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/3.-Transactional-min-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/3.-Transactional-min-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/3.-Transactional-min-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Transactional communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\n<div class=\"banner banner-dark pumble-gradient-landing-4\">\n    <div class=\"banner-text lg:pr-[6rem]\">\n        <h2 class=\"translation-block text-2xl !mb-4\">Make your team communication more effective<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"translation-block !text-sm\">Reduce barriers and help your team communication with Pumble \u2014 the all-in-one communication app.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-buttons d-flex space-x-4 translation-block\">\n            <a class=\"rounded-md px-6 py-2 bg-white\" href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up<\/a>\n\n                            <a class=\"button-2\" href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\" target=\"_blank\">Learn more<\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"banner-image banner-image-middle \">\n        <picture>\n            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/landing-4@2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Illustration\"  media=\"(min-width: 1022px)\" \/>\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/landing-4.png\"  alt=\"Illustration\" \/>\n        <\/picture>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\u2014&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">We have briefly mentioned the most prominent transactional models of communication \u2014 now it\u2019s time to thoroughly analyze them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"7-barnlunds-transactional-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">7. Barnlund\u2019s transactional model of communication<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Barnlund\u2019s transactional communication model explores interpersonal, immediate-feedback communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is Barnlund\u2019s transactional communication model?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Barnlund\u2019s model of communication recognizes that communication is a <strong>circular process and a multi-layered feedback system between the sender and the receiver,<\/strong> both of whom can affect the message being sent.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The sender and the receiver change their places and are equally important. Feedback from the sender is the reply for the receiver, and both communicators provide feedback.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">At the same time, both sender and receiver are responsible for the communication\u2019s effect and effectiveness.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What are the main elements of Barnlund\u2019s communication model?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Barnlund\u2019s transactional communication model diagram below illustrates the following main components of this communication model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Encoding<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Decoding<\/strong>,<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Communicators<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The message<\/strong> (including the cues, environment, and noise), and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The channel<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/10.-Barnlunds-min.jpg\" alt=\"Barnlund\u2019s communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-10004\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/10.-Barnlunds-min.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/10.-Barnlunds-min-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/10.-Barnlunds-min-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/10.-Barnlunds-min-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/10.-Barnlunds-min-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Barnlund\u2019s communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This model accentuates the role of cues in impacting our messages.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">So, Barnlund differentiates between:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Public cues <\/strong>(environmental cues),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Private cues<\/strong> (communicator\u2019s personal thoughts and background), and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Behavioral cues<\/strong> (person\u2019s behavior, that can be verbal and nonverbal).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">All these cues, as well as the environment and noise, are part of the message. Each communicator\u2019s reaction depends on their background, experiences, attitudes, and beliefs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"barnlunds-transactional-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Barnlund\u2019s transactional communication model example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Examples of Barnlund\u2019s model of communication include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Face-to-face interactions,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/balance-work-communication-and-chit-chat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Chat sessions<\/a>,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Telephone conversations,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/blog\/types-of-meetings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Meetings<\/a>, etc.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Let\u2019s illustrate this model with an example from Pumble, a <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/business-messaging-app\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">business messaging app<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"466\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Misunderstanding-in-Pumble-min.png\" alt=\"An example that shows a misunderstanding due to the cultural differences in celebrating certain holidays (Pumble business messaging app)\" class=\"wp-image-10005\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Misunderstanding-in-Pumble-min.png 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Misunderstanding-in-Pumble-min-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Misunderstanding-in-Pumble-min-1024x398.png 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Misunderstanding-in-Pumble-min-768x298.png 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Misunderstanding-in-Pumble-min-18x7.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An example that shows a misunderstanding due to the cultural differences in celebrating certain holidays (Pumble business messaging app)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Improve team communication with Pumble<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Why was there a misunderstanding in this conversation, even though everything seemed fine at first glance?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This misunderstanding has arisen due to cultural cues.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Namely, Joan had thought that Natalie wanted a day off on July 4th.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">However, Natalie comes from Norway and celebrates Independence Day on May 17th.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">On that day, Natalie does not show up at work to Joan\u2019s bewilderment, because she has expected Natalie to take a day off on July 4th, on US Independence Day.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">So, due to cultural cues, there was a misunderstanding between them.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Still, this misunderstanding could have easily been avoided, had they cleared up the dates by providing each other with feedback.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"8-dances-helical-model-of-communication\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">8. Dance\u2019s Helical model of communication&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">According to Dance\u2019s Helical model of communication, with every cycle of communication, we expand our circle.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Therefore, each communication encounter is different from the previous one because communication never repeats itself.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>What is Dance\u2019s Helical communication model?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Dance\u2019s Helical communication model views communication as a <strong>circular process that gets more and more complex as communication progresses<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">That is why it is represented by a helical spiral in the Dance\u2019s Helical communication model diagram below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/11.-Dances-Helical-min.jpg\" alt=\"Dance\u2019s Helical communication model diagram\" class=\"wp-image-10008\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/11.-Dances-Helical-min.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/11.-Dances-Helical-min-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/11.-Dances-Helical-min-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/11.-Dances-Helical-min-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/11.-Dances-Helical-min-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dance\u2019s Helical communication model diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In their book <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/376443.Communication\"><em>Communication: Principles for a Lifetime<\/em><\/a>, Steven A. Beebe, Susan J. Beebe, and Diana K. Ivy state:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>\u201cInterpersonal communication is irreversible. Like the spiral shown here, communication never loops back on itself. Once it begins, it expands infinitely as the communication partners contribute their thoughts and experiences to the exchange.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">According to this communication model, in the communication process, the feedback we get from the other party involved influences our next statement and we become more knowledgeable with every new cycle.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"dances-helical-communication-model-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Dance\u2019s Helical communication model example&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Dance himself explained his model with the example of a person learning throughout their life.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Namely, a person starts to communicate with their surroundings very early on, using rudimentary methods of communication.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">For instance, as babies, we cry to get our mothers\u2019 attention. Later on, we learn to speak in words, and then in full sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">During the whole process, we build on what we know to improve our communication.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Every communication act is, therefore, a chance for us to learn how to communicate more effectively in the future, and feedback helps us achieve more effective communication.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In a way, our whole life is one communicational journey toward the top of Dance\u2019s helix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"how-communication-models-help-us-solve-our-workplace-communication-problems\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">How communication models help us solve our workplace communication problems&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Communication in real life might be too complex to be truly represented by communication models.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">However, models of communication can still help us examine the steps in the process of communication, so we can better understand how we communicate both in the workplace and outside of it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In this guide, we have covered the most important models of communication, divided into 3 categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Linear models<\/strong> \u2014 Mainly used in marketing, sales, and PR, in communication with customers, these models view communication as a one-way process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Interactive models<\/strong> \u2014 Used in internet-based and mediated communication, they refer to two-way communication with indirect feedback.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Transactional models<\/strong> \u2014 The most complex models of communication, which best reflect the communication process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Although none of these models represent our communication 100%, they can help us detect and solve potential problems and improve our communication skills. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\n<div class=\"banner banner-dark pumble-gradient-default\">\n    <div class=\"banner-text lg:pr-[6rem]\">\n        <h2 class=\"translation-block text-2xl !mb-4\">Free team communication app<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"translation-block !text-sm\">Improve collaboration and cut down on emails by moving your team communication to Pumble.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-buttons d-flex space-x-4 translation-block\">\n            <a class=\"rounded-md px-6 py-2 bg-white\" href=\"\/register\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up<\/a>\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"banner-image banner-image-right \">\n        <picture>\n            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/default@2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Illustration\"  media=\"(min-width: 1022px)\" \/>\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/themes\/cake-learn\/src\/images\/pumble\/banners\/default.png\"  alt=\"Illustration\" \/>\n        <\/picture>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"implementing-communication-models-with-pumble\" class=\"wp-block-heading translation-block\">Implementing communication models with Pumble<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Regardless of your type of business, in 2025, a dedicated <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/team-collaboration-software\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">team collaboration software<\/a> can be used as a means to effectively communicate inside and outside of your team.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">With a dedicated <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/hq-digital\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">digital HQ<\/a> like Pumble, you can minimize the effects of noise and rely on various types of communication to get your message across.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Some of Pumble\u2019s features that simplify and improve team communication include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/features\/channels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Channels<\/strong><\/a> \u2014 best for notifying multiple receivers at once, minimizing the chance for misinterpretation,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/video-conferencing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Video conferencing<\/strong><\/a> \u2014 best for collaboration and brainstorming,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/help\/integrations\/communication-collaboration-tools\/polls-integration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Polls<\/strong><\/a> \u2014 best for encouraging passive participants to engage in a role of a sender, rather than remaining receivers, especially in a work setting where individual input matters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"528\" src=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Polls-in-Pumble-min.png\" alt=\"Using Polls in Pumble, a team communication app\" class=\"wp-image-10009\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Polls-in-Pumble-min.png 1200w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Polls-in-Pumble-min-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Polls-in-Pumble-min-1024x451.png 1024w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Polls-in-Pumble-min-768x338.png 768w, https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Polls-in-Pumble-min-18x8.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Using Polls in Pumble, a team communication app<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">With these and plenty of other <a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/feature-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">features<\/a>, you can rest assured that your communication process will be greatly improved and simplified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">After analyzing your team\u2019s communication efforts through the most appropriate model, picking the preferred communication method will be an intuitive and rewarding process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Improve your communication today \u2014 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"custom-btn translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pumble.com\/register\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try Pumble by CAKE.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gain a deep understanding of how communication unfolds between participants. Learn how these communication models can improve remote or in-person workplace communication.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1600","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-communication-fundamentals","category-communication"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1600","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1600"}],"version-history":[{"count":92,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1600\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13151,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1600\/revisions\/13151"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1600"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1600"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pumble.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1600"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}